The bio-immobilization of Pb(II) induced by the Chlorella–montmorillonite composite in the Ca(II) environment

The clay–microbial consortium is ubiquitous in the soil near mining area and plays an important role transport of heavy metals. In this study, Chlorella sorokiniana FK was separated from lead–zinc mine tailings. montmorillonite– system as a typical case applied to study Pb(II) biomineralization presence usually co-existent Ca(II) further reduce migration transformation environment. showed good resistance Pb(II), addition montmorillonite provided more stable pH environment, which conducive stability Pb(II)-bearing bio-minerals. Montmorillonite created low-biotoxicity environment overall process, especially less bio-adsorption capacity individual protect process mineralization effectively. Batch experiment results also demonstrated that formation site bio-minerals dispersed minerals on surface –MMT composite, beneficial survival . Moreover, phosphate tended form rather than without Ca(II). This mechanism immobilization induced by presenting green, sustainable, effective strategy for bio-immobilization combining clay microorganisms.